FIRST RECORD OF GONATODES ALBOGULARIS DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1836 (SQUAMATA: SPHAERODACTYLIDAE) FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ATLÁNTIDA, HONDURAS, WITH COMMENTS ON THE INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER LIZARDS PRIMER REGISTRO DE GONATODES ALBOGULARIS DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1836 (SQUAMATA: SPHAERODACTYLIDAE) PARA EL DEPARRTAMENTO DE ATLÁNTIDA, HONDURAS, CON COMENTARIOS SOBRE INTERACCIONES CON OTRAS LAGARTIJAS

— We recorded the first population of Gonatodes albogularis for the Departmento de Atlántida, being the most northwestern record in Honduras and we comment on its possible origin. In addition, in the same locality, we found Hemidactylus frenatus and Norops sagrei, species not native to Honduras. We observe certain behaviors of individuals of these three species and discuss them with respect to previous information on their possible interactions, with the intent to encourage future research on the interactions of these three species.

Gonatodes albogularis (Duméril & Bibron, 1836) is a small diurnal gecko, widely distributed from southeastern Chiapas in Mexico to western Venezuela and from sea level to 1900 m a.s.l. (Agudelo, 2011;Martínez-Cotrina et al., 2014). Gonatodes albogularis prefers dry microhabitats and is often found in humid spaces and urban areas, where it feeds mainly on small arthropods (Gamble et al., 2008). The principal predators of this small lizard are larger lizards, some snakes, birds, mammals (Domínguez-López et al., 2016), and spiders (Filipiak & Lewis, 2012). Here, we report a new departmental record for G. albogularis in the Departamento de Atlántida, Honduras, and comment on some observed interactions between this species and two introduced lizards (Hemidactylus frenatus and Norops sagrei) in the same locality. On June 7, 2019, at 13:54 h, we found an adult male G. albogularis (Fig. 1) Fig. 2). The closest town to our record site is Trujillo, Departamento de Colón, which is located approximately 105 airline km WSW (McCranie, 2018) in the West-central Caribbean Lowlands (Wilson & Townsend, 2006). The specimen was deposited in the herpetological collection of the Museo de Historia Natural "Biodiversidad y Ciencia'' at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula, San Pedro Sula, Departamento de Cortés, Honduras (UVS-V 1242, field tag EPA 01). The specimen measured a total length of 84.6 mm, snout-vent length of 36.1 mm, and a tail length of 48.5 mm. Based on the two visits made, we suggest that there is an established population of G. albogularis, due to the presence of three adult males and two juvenile females. Our observations were made at the westernmost locality on the Atlantic versant of Honduras, and constitute the first vouchered record for the department of Atlántida.
In the same locality that we found G. albogularis, we also identified two species of invasive lizard; Hemidactylus frenatus ( Fig. 3A) and Norops sagrei (Fig. 3B). We observed that the three species were active during the day, although H. frenatus only showed a few movements in its inhabited tree. As Marcellini (1976) mentioned, H. frenatus is rarely active during the day. Furthermore, H. frenatus and G. albogularis appear to use the tree cavities as a refuge, promoting interactions between them. We observed that G. albogularis avoided interactions with H. frenatus on the surface of the tree and when they did occur, G. albogularis demonstrated escape behavior, protecting itself by entering the closest refuge, without returning to its initial cavity. We observed that N. sagrei does not share space with H. frenatus and G. albogularis. We hypothesize that N. sagrei spatially excludes the geckos with its pugnacious temperament (Evans, 1938). If our hypothesis is affirmative, this behavior forces interspecific competition for space between G. albogularis and H. frenatus.
The natural range of G. albogularis on the Atlantic versant is poorly known, but we hypothesize that in these localities this lizard has been anthropogenically introduced because its sites of occurrence have been associated primarily with urban areas and do not represent a typical distribution pattern as is observed on the Pacific versant, in which the localities are closer (see Fig. 2; McCranie, 2018). This view is supported by the introduction of this species in other localities such as Belize city in Belize, Florida in The United States, Corn Island in Nicaragua, Aruba, Curaçao, Grand Cayman, and Hispaniola (McCranie, 2018). The population we report here appears to have been anthropogenically introduced; one of the local inhabitants  told us that several specimens of G. albogularis were previously brought to the restaurant "Carnitas del Pino" from the Ciudad de La Ceiba in Atlántida. Also, in 2018 individuals were found near the "Muelle de Cabotage" at La Ceiba, which locality has not been reported previously (Mario Solís, pers. comm.). The report of this locality for G. albogularis fills part of the information gap on the distribution of the species and if it is native to this region increases the possibility of interconnection between populations from the northeastern coast of Nicaragua; northeastern, northcentral, and northwestern Honduras (this last region not based on specific records, see Fig. 2), and southeastern Guatemala (Köhler, 2008;McCranie, 2018).
The two non-native species in Honduras have the potential to displace native species (e.g., Phyllodactylus palmeus- Brown et al., 2017, citing McCranie & Hedges, 2013, because of their following characteristics: H. frenatus is responsible for population extinction/range contraction of native lizards, behavioral change, decreased abundance, changes in spatial ecology, reorganization of trophic networks, and reduction of prey availability (Kraus, 2015), and N. sagrei causes declines in abundance of native lizards, changes in spatial ecology, the evolution of defenses because they adapt easily to disturbed habitat, and exhibit characteristics that allow them to be successful invaders (Kraus, 2015). Furthermore, there could be an overlap between the diet of G. albogularis and that of the two introduced lizards, due to the coincidence of arthropod consumption (Carr Jr., 1939;Tyler, 1961;Fitch, 1973;Savage, 2002;Jadin et al., 2009;Norval et al., 2010;Agudelo, 2011;Losos, 2011;Alemán & Sunyer, 2015;Brown et al., 2017;McCranie, 2018), which also might force changes in the diet of G. albogularis, as demonstrated by Pringle et al. (2019) using N. sagrei as a model in the presence of exotic species. Gonatodes albogularis can be attacked, due to its smaller size (maximum snout-vent length of 42 mm) in relation to H. frenatus (maximum  snout-vent length of 60 mm for Honduran specimens) and N. sagrei (maximum snout-vent length of 70 mm for Honduran specimens) (Cole et al., 2005;McCranie & Köhler, 2015;McCranie, 2018). Hemidactylus frenatus is also a possible predator of G. albogularis since it attacks, predates, and consumes the eggs of other lizards, causing interspecific predation (Cole et al., 2005;Díaz Pérez et al., 2012;Gardner & Jasper, 2012), as in the case of G. albogularis, where attacks by H. frenatus have been evidenced (Alemán & Sunyer, 2015) and in the case of N. sagrei, which is known for its cannibalistic behavior and for predating other lizards (Campbell & Gerber, 1996;Gerber, 1999;Lee, 2000;Nicholson et al., 2000;Norval, 2007;Norval et al., 2010). Batista et al. (2019) mentioned the capacity that this anole might have in displacing G. albogularis (Williams, 1969;Schoener et al., 2017). We discuss these behaviors as might be very similar to those mentioned by Pianka (1973) and Fisher et al. (2019) that lead to competition between invasive and native species.
Our work contributes to a better definition of the distribution of G. albogularis and opens the possibility for future studies on the interactions that might exist with invasive lizards in Honduras, because this event may be occurring in several places where these introduced species are in contact with native populations of G. albogularis. In addition, we recommend that a greater sampling effort is necessary on the Atlantic slope to confirm the presence of G. albogularis where there are information gaps in the distribution of this species, to determine if the populations of species in Honduras connect the populations from Guatemala and Nicaragua (Köhler, 2008). It is necessary to confirm whether populations on the Atlantic slope are introduced or native, in the case being introduced investigate the reasons and take measures to reduce the invasion of exotic species, besides making a greater effort to understand the impact that introduced species have on native species and ecosystems.

Antúnez-Fonseca et al.-Gonatodes albogularis in Honduras
Acknowledgments.-We thank Lorely Molinares for joining us on fieldwork expeditions, and "Tito" of the "Carnitas del Pino" dining room for allowing us to extract the specimens inside his property. We also thank Mario Solís for sharing the information about his observation at the Muelle de Cabotage. We especially thank Erich Hofmann, Larry Wilson, Thomas Brown, Juan Díaz, and Abel Batista for considerably improving the writing of this document and for their valuable comments. Biological research and the collection of specimens was performed under a research permit issued by Instituto Nacional de Conservación y Desarrollo Forestal, Áreas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre (ICF), Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Resolution DE-MP-067-2018 and Dictamen DVS-008-2018, and in accordance with approved animal care and use protocols (ASIH, 2004).