DIVERSIDAD DE ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES EN UNA ZONA ECOTONAL EN PARAGUAY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/fc.25942158e.2026.4.983Palabras clave:
Cerrado, ecotono, ecología, herpetología, inventarioResumen
Los inventarios herpetológicos desempeñan un papel crucial en la conformación de estrategias de conservación regionales y locales para este grupo de vertebrados. En Paraguay, el bioma del Cerrado se extiende hasta su límite más meridional en la región Oriental, donde se intersecta con las ecorregiones del Chaco Húmedo y del Bosque Atlántico, creando un mosaico de ambientes con una biodiversidad única. A pesar de ser una región amenazada dentro del país, hay un conocimiento limitado sobre la diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en esta área. Este estudio representa un esfuerzo inicial para abordar esta brecha de conocimiento, utilizando muestreos herpetológicos estandarizados y aleatorios en cuatro campañas de campo realizadas entre diciembre de 2020 y agosto de 2022, dentro de siete propiedades privadas que abarcan los departamentos de Concepción y Amambay. Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo documentar las especies encontradas y sus asociaciones con condiciones ambientales específicas, caracterizar tanto la diversidad alfa como beta de la herpetofauna y analizar las relaciones entre seis formaciones vegetales diferentes (PFs). Identificamos un total de 36 especies de anuros y 29 especies de reptiles, lo que representa una mayor diversidad para los anfibios en comparación con informes anteriores en la zona, aunque la diversidad de reptiles no fue tan notable. Estos hallazgos subrayan la compleja combinación de ecorregiones dentro del área de estudio, con notables ausencias de especies específicas del Cerrado y la presencia de anfibios típicos de la región del Chaco.
Citas
AmphibiaWeb (2026). <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 1 Nov 2020.
Anderson, M. J. (2001). A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology, 26, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x
Anderson, M. J., Crist, T. O., Chase, J. M., Vellend, M., Inouye, B. D., Freestone, A. L., Sanders, N. J., Cornell, H. V., Comita, L. S., Davies, K. F., Harrison, S. P., Kraft, N. J. B., Stegen, J. C. and Swenson, N. G. (2011). Navigating the multiple meanings of diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecology Letters, 14, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01552.x
Arias, F. J., Recoder, R., Álvarez, B. B., Ethcepare, E., Quipildor, M., Lobo, F., & Rodrigues, M. T. (2018). Diversity of teiid lizards from Gran Chaco and western Cerrado (Squamata: Teiidae). Zoologica Scripta, 47, 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12277
Arias, F. J., Teixeira Junior, M., Recoder, R., de Carvalho, C. M., Zaher, H., & Rodrigues, M. T. (2014). Whiptail lizards in South America: A new Ameivula (Squamata, Teiidae) from Planalto dos Gerais, eastern Brazilian Cerrado. Amphibia-Reptilia, 35(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002948
Baselga, A. (2017). Partitioning abundance-based multiple-site dissimilarity into components: Balanced variation in abundance and abundance gradients. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 799–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12693
Baselga, A., & Orme, C. D. L. (2012). betapart: An R package for the study of beta diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3(5), 808–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00224.x
Bateman, H. L., & Merritt, D. M. (2020). Complex riparian habitats predict reptile and amphibian diversity. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22, e00957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00957
Berriozabal-Islas, C., Badillo-Saldaña, L. M., Ramírez-Bautista, A., & Moreno, C. E. (2017). Effects of habitat disturbance on lizard functional diversity in a tropical dry forest of the Pacific coast of Mexico. Tropical Conservation Science, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917704972
Borini, J., Petrucci, B., Krohling, W., Rossi Júnior, J., Santos, M., & Ferreira Júnior, P. (2014). Site fidelity and movement of Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) (Testudinidae) in cocoa plantations in southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 74(3), S135–S141. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12512
Brasileiro, C. A., Sawaya, R. J., Kiefer, M. C., & Martins, M. (2005). Amphibians of an open Cerrado fragment in southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 5(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032005000300006
Brassaloti, R. A., Rossa-Feres, D. C., & Bertoluci, J. (2010). Anuran fauna of the semideciduous forest of the Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 10(1), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000100024
Brusquetti, F., & Lavilla, E. O. (2006). Lista comentada de los anfibios de Paraguay. Cuadernos de Herpetología, 20(2), 3–79.
Bueno-Villafañe, D., Bóveda, A., Valiente, E., Schaerer, G., Baez, C., Feltes-González, O., Emhart Vuletich, J., Irala Melgarejo, R., Cantero, N., Yanosky, A., & Pérez de Molas, L. (2022). Nuevos registros de distribución de Colobosaura modesta y Micrablepharus maximiliani (Reptilia: Gymnophthalmidae) en Paraguay. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología, 5(4), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.22201/fc.25942158e.2022.4.545
Caballero-Gini, A., Bueno-Villafañe, D., Ferreira, M., Romero, L., Cañete, L., Laino, R., Musalem, K., & Silla, F. (2021). Seasonal habitat preferences and response to water quality parameters of tree frog species in a Neotropical wetland. Wetlands, 41, 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01452-3
Cabette, R. S. H., Souza, R. J., Shimano, Y., & Juen, L. (2017). Effects of changes in the riparian forest on the butterfly community (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Cerrado areas. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 61(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.10.004
Cabrera, M. R. (2012). A new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata, Teiidae) from the South American Chaco. The Herpetological Journal, 22, 123–131.
Cacciali, P. (2009). 60 serpientes del Paraguay. Guyra Paraguay.
Cacciali, P., & Köhler, G. (2018). Diversity of Tropidurus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Paraguay: An integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence. Zootaxa, 4375(4), 511–536. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4375.4.3
Cacciali, P., Cabral, H., Ferreira, V. L., & Köhler, G. (2016a). Revision of Philodryas mattogrossensis with the revalidation of P. erlandi (Reptilia: Squamata: Dipsadidae). Salamandra, 52(4), 293–305.
Cacciali, P., Lotzkat, S., Gamble, T. G., & Köhler, G. (2022). Cryptic diversity in the Neotropical gecko genus Phyllopezus Peters, 1878 (Reptilia: Squamata: Phyllodactylidae): A new species from Paraguay. International Journal of Zoology, 2018, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3958327
Cacciali, P., Martínez, N., & Köhler, G. (2017). Revision of the phylogeny and chorology of the tribe Iphisini with the revalidation of Colobosaura kraepelini Werner, 1910 (Reptilia, Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). ZooKeys, 669, 89–105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.669.12245
Cacciali, P., Morando, M., Avila, L. J., & Köhler, G. (2018). Description of a new species of Homonota (Reptilia, Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) from the central region of northern Paraguay. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 94(1), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.21754
Cacciali, P., Scott, N. J., Ortíz, A. L. A., Fitzgerald, L. A., & Smith, P. (2016b). The reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, distribution, and an annotated taxonomic checklist. Special Publications of the Museum of Southwestern Biology, 11, 1–373.
Campos, F. S., Brito, D., & Solé, M. (2014). Diversity patterns, research trends and mismatches of the investigative efforts to amphibian conservation in Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 86, 1873–1886. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420140170
Caramaschi, U., & Niemeyer, H. de. (2003). Nova espécie do complexo de Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Série Zoologia, 501, 1–16.
Cartes, J. L. (2005). El Bosque Atlántico en Paraguay: Biodiversidad, amenazas y perspectivas. Guyra Paraguay.
Causaren, R. M., Diesmos, A. C., & Mallari, N. A. D. (2016). Anuran diversity and ecology from forest fragments in Cavite Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology, 10, 63–76.
Cechin, S. Z., & Martins, M. (2000). Eficiência de armadilhas de queda (pitfall traps) em amostragens de anfíbios e répteis no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17(3), 729–747. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752000000300017
Cei, J. M. (1980). Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Monografia 2.
Chao, A., Gotelli, N. J., Hsieh, T. C., Sander, E. L., Ma, K. H., Colwell, R. K., & Ellison, A. M. (2014). Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. Ecological Monographs, 84, 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0133.1
Colli, G. R., Bastos, R. P., & Araújo, A. F. B. (2002). The character and dynamics of the Cerrado herpetofauna. In P. S. Oliveira & R. J. Marquis (Eds.), The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and natural history of Neotropical savanna (pp. 223–241). Columbia University Press.
Corn, P. S. (1994). Straight-line drift fences and pitfall traps. In W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. C. Hayek, & M. S. Foster (Eds.), Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians (pp. 109–117). Smithsonian Institution Press.
Crump, M. L., & Scott, N. J., Jr. (1994). Visual encounter surveys. In W. R. Heyer, M. A. Donnelly, W. McDiarmid, L. Hayek, & M. S. Foster (Eds.), Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians (pp. 84–92). Smithsonian Institution Press.
De la Riva, I., Reichle, S., Köhler, J., Lötters, S., Bosch, J., Mayer, S., Hennessey, A. B., & Padial, J. M. (2000). Guía sonora de las ranas y sapos de Bolivia. Asociación Herpetológica.
De Sá, R. O., Grant, T., Camargo, A., Heyer, W. R., Ponssa, M. L., & Stanley, E. (2014). Systematics of the Neotropical genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): Phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts. South American Journal of Herpetology, 9(S1). https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00022.1
Demartín, R. P., Ghirardi, R., Antoniazzi, C. E., & López, J. A. (2023). Reproductive traits of sympatric populations of Physalaemus albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) and P. santafecinus Barrio, 1965 (Anura: Leptodactylidae). North-Western Journal of Zoology, 19(1), 17–26.
Doherty, T. S., Balouch, S., Bell, K., Burns, T. J., Feldman, A., Fist, C., Garvey, T. F., Jessop, T. S., Meiri, S. & Driscoll, D. A. (2020). Reptile responses to anthropogenic habitat modification: A global meta-analysis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29(7), 1265–1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13091
Duellman, W. E., & Trueb, L. (1994). Biology of Amphibians (2nd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dufrêne, M., & Legendre, P. (1997). Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67(3), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.2307/2963459
Dupuis, L., & Steventon, D. (1999). Riparian management and the tailed frog in northern coastal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 124(1), 35–43. 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00051-1
Eiten, G. (1972). The cerrado vegetation of Brazil. The Botanical Review 38(2), 201–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF028591
Emerson, S. B., & Boyd, S. K. (1991). Mating vocalizations of female frogs: Control and evolutionary mechanisms. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 53(4), 187–197. 10.1159/000006594. PMID: 10343085.
Enge, K.M. (2001). The pitfalls of pitfall traps. Journal of Herpetology, 35(3), 467–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565965
Ferner, J. W., & Plummer, M. V. (2016). Marking and measuring reptiles. In C. K. Dodd Jr. (Ed.), Reptile Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques (pp. 143–150). Oxford University Press.
Forlani, M. D. C., Valdujo, P. H., Pavan, D., Maciel, A. O., & Peloso, P. L. V. (2011). Review of the geographical distribution of the white-spotted frog Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger,1885) (Anura, Microhylidae). Biota Neotropica, 11 (3), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000300035
Françoso, R. D., Dexter, K. G., Machado, R. B., Pennington, R. T., Pinto, J. R. R., Brandão, R. A., & Ratter, J. A. (2020). Delimiting floristic biogeographic districts in the Cerrado and assessing their conservation status. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29, 1477–1500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01819-3
Frost, D. R. (2023). Phyllomedusa sauvagii. In Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference (Version 6.2). American Museum of Natural History. https://doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001 [Accessed July 29, 2025]
Gómez Alés, R., Acosta, J. C., Blanco, G., & Galdeano, A. P. (2023). Effects of habitat perturbation on lizard assemblages in the center-west of the Arid Chaco region, Argentina. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 95(Suppl. 1), e20200927. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320200927
Gregory, S. V., Swanson, F. J., McKee, W. A., & Cummins, K. W. (1991). An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones: Focus on links between land and water. BioScience, 41(8), 540–551. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311607
Haddad, C. F. B., & Prado, C. P. A. (2005). Reproductive modes in frogs and their unexpected diversity in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. BioScience, 55(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0207:RMIFAT]2.0.CO;2
Hill, M. O. (1973). Diversity and evenness: A unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54(2), 427–432. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934352
Hochberg, Y. (1988). A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika, 75(4), 800–802. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336325
Hsieh, T. C., Ma, K. H., & Chao, A. (2020). iNEXT: Interpolation and extrapolation for species diversity (R package version 2.0.20). https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613
IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2026-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [September 05 2022].
Kindt, R. & Coe, R. (2005). Tree diversity analysis. A manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). ISBN 92-9059-179-X, https://www.landscapealliance.org/gtkp/resource/tree-diversity-analysis-manual/.
Lavilla, E. O., Caballero-Gini, A., Bueno-Villafañe, D., & Cardozo, D. (2016). Notes on the distribution of the genus Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Paraguay. Check List, 12(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15560/12.6.2016
MADES/PNUD (2019). Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Serranía de San Luís. Proyecto Bosques para el Crecimiento Sostenible. Asunción, Paraguay.
Magurran, A. & Henderson, P. (2011). Commoness and Rarity. In: Biological Diversity Frontiers in Measurement and Assess. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 97–104.
Maragno, F. P. & Souza, F. L. (2011). Diet of Rhinella scitula (Anura, Bufonidae) in the Cerrado, Brazil: the importance of seasons and body size. Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, 82(3), 879–886. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.3.693
Martínez, N., Bauer, F., & Motte, M. (2016). Herpetofauna del Parque Nacional Cerro Corá, Amambay, Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 20(2), 81–214.
Martínez, N., Cacciali, P., Bauer, F., Cabral, H., Tedesco, M. E., Vinke, S., Vinke, T., Vazquez, D., Ramos, E., & Motte, M. (2020). Estado de conservación y Lista Roja de los reptiles del Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 24(1), 1–128.
Martof, B. S. (1953). Territoriality in the green frog, Rana clamitans. Ecology, 34(1), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1930316
May R. M. (1975). Patterns of species abundance and diversity. In: M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond (eds.), Ecology and evolution of communities. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 81–120.
McDiarmid, R. W., Foster, M. S., Guyer, C., Gibbons, J. W., & Chernoff, N. (2012). Reptile biodiversity: Standard methods for inventorying and monitoring. University of California Press.
McGill, B. J., Etienne, R. S., Gray, J. S., Alonso, D., Anderson, M. J., Benecha, H. K., Dornelas, M., Enquist, B. J., Green, J. L., He, F., Hurlbert, A. H., Magurran, A. E., Marquet, P. A., Maurer, B. A., Ostling, A., Soykan, C. U., Ugland, K. I., & White, E. P. (2007). Species abundance distributions: Moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework. Ecology Letters, 10, 995–1015. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01094.x
Mereles, F., Cartes, J. L., Clay, R. P., Cacciali, P., Paradeda, C., Rodas, O., & Yanosky, A. (2013). Análisis cualitativo para la definición de las ecorregiones de Paraguay Occidental. Paraquaria Natural, 1(2), 12–20.
Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADES). (2019). Resolución N.º 614/19: Por la cual se actualiza el listado de las especies protegidas de la vida silvestre de la Clase Amphibia.
Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADES). (2020). Resolución N.º 206: Por la que se actualiza el listado de las especies protegidas de la vida silvestre de la Clase Reptilia.
Motte, M., Zaracho, V., Caballero-Gini, A., Ferreira-Riveros, M., Romero, L., Coronel-Bejarano, D., Netto, F., Carosini, A., Rojas, V., Bueno, D., Cabral, H., & Martínez, N. (2019). Estado de conservación y Lista Roja de los anfibios del Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay, 23(1), 1–62.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Naiman, R. J., Décamps, H., & Pollock, M. (1993). The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications, 3(2), 209–212. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941822
Neves, M. O., Yves, A., Pereira, E. A., Alves, L., Vasques, J. B., Coelho, J. F. T., & Silva, P. S. (2019). Herpetofauna in a highly endangered area: The Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Herpetozoa, 32, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35641
Nogueira, C., Colli, G. R., & Martins, M. (2009a). Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian Cerrado. Austral Ecology, 34(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01887.x
Nogueira, C., Valdujo, P. H., Paese, A., Ramos Neto, M. B., & Machado, R. B. (2009b). Desafios para a identificação de áreas para conservação da biodiversidade. Megadiversidade, 5, 43–53.
Nogueira, C., Valdujo, P., & França, F. (2005). Habitat variation and lizard diversity in a Cerrado area of Central Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650520500129901
Nogueira, C. C., Argôlo, A. J. S., Arzamendia, et al. (2019). Atlas of Brazilian snakes: Verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American Journal of Herpetology, 14(sp1), 1–274. https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-19-00120.1
Novaes-e-Fagundes, G., Lyra, M. L., Loredam, V. S. A., et al. (2023). A tale of two bellies: systematics of the oval frogs (Anura: Microhylidae: Elachistocleis). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 197(3), 545–568. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac057
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O’Hara, R. G., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., & Wagner, H. (2020). vegan: Community Ecology Package (R package).
Oliveira-Filho, A. T., & Ratter, J. A. (2002). Vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the Cerrado biome. In P. S. Oliveira & R. J. Marquis (Eds.), The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and natural history of a Neotropical savanna (pp. 91–120). Columbia University Press.
Olson, D. H., Anderson, P. D., Frissell, C. A., Welsh, H. H., Jr., & Bradford, D. F. (2007). Biodiversity management approaches for stream riparian areas: Perspectives for Pacific Northwest headwater forests, microclimates, and amphibians. Forest Ecology and Management, 246(1), 81–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.03.053.
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., et al. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51, 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Pelegrin, N., Chani, J. M., Echevarría, A. L., & Bucher, E. H. (2009). Effects of forest degradation on abundance and microhabitat selection by ground-dwelling Chaco lizards. Amphibia-Reptilia, 30, 265–275.
Peña-Joya, K. E., Cupul-Magaña, F. G., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A., Moreno, C. E., & Téllez-López, J. (2020). Spatio-temporal discrepancies in lizard species and functional diversity. Community Ecology, 21, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-020-00005-8
Pereyra, L., Etchepare, E. & Vaira, M. (2021). Manual de técnicas y protocolos para el relevamiento y estudio de anfibios de Argentina. EdiUnju.
Prado, C. P., Uetanabaro, M., & Haddad, C. F. B. (2005). Breeding activity patterns, reproductive modes, and habitat use by anurans (Amphibia) in a seasonal environment in the Pantanal, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 26, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568538054253375
R Core Team. (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (4.0.0). R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
Ramey, T. L., & Richardson, J. S. (2017). Terrestrial invertebrates in the riparian zone: Mechanisms underlying their unique diversity. BioScience, 67(9), 808–819. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix078
Ratter, J. A., Ribeiro, J. F., & Bridgewater, S. (1997). The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity. Annals of Botany, 80(3), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469
Rhodin, A. G. J., Iverson, J. B., Bour, R., Fritz, U., Georges, A., Shaffer, H. B., & van Dijk, P. P. (2017). Turtles of the world: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status (8th ed.). In A. G. J. Rhodin, J. B. Iverson, P. P. van Dijk, R. A. Saumure, K. A. Buhlmann, P. C. H. Pritchard, & R. A. Mittermeier (Eds.), Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs, 7, 1–292. https://doi.org/10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017
Ribeiro, J. F., & Walter, B. M. T. (2008). As principais fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. In S. M. Sano, S. P. Almeida, & J. F. Ribeiro (Eds.), Cerrado: Ecologia e flora (Vol. 1, pp. 151–212). Embrapa Cerrados.
Ribeiro, J. W., Lima, A. P., & Magnusson, W. E. (2012). The effect of riparian zones on species diversity of frogs in Amazonian forests. Copeia, 2012(3), 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-11-117
Ribeiro-Júnior, J. W., & Bertoluci, J. (2009). Anuros do Cerrado da Estação Ecológica e da Floresta Estadual de Assis, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 9(1), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032009000100020
Ribeiro-Júnior, M. A., Rossi, R. V., Miranda, C. L., & Ávila-Pires, T. C. S. (2011). Influence of pitfall trap size and design on herpetofauna and small mammal studies in a Neotropical Forest. Zoologia (Curitiba), 28(1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702011000100012
Ribeiro-Júnior, M., Gardner, T. A., & Ávila-Pires, T. C. S. (2008). Evaluating the effectiveness of herpetofaunal sampling techniques across a gradient of habitat change in a tropical forest landscape. Journal of Herpetology, 42(4), 733–749. https://doi.org/10.1670/07-097R3.1
Roberts, D. W. (2019). labdsv: Ordination and multivariate analysis for ecology (R package version 2.0-1). 10.32614/CRAN.package.labdsv
Rodrigues, D. J., Uetanabaro, M. & Lopes, F. S. (2004). Reproductive strategies of Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863) and P. albonotatus (Steindachner, 1864) at Serra da Bodoquena, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Revista Española de Herpetología, 18, 63–73.
Rosas-Espinoza, V. C., Peña-Joya, K. E., Álvarez Grzybowska, E., Godoy-González, A. A., Santiago-Pérez, A. L., & Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F. A. (2022). Amphibian taxonomic and functional diversity in a heterogeneous landscape of west-central Mexico. Diversity, 14(9), 738. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14090738
Rossa-Feres, D. C., & Jim, J. (2001). Similaridade do sítio de vocalização em uma comunidade de anfíbios anuros na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18(2), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000200015
Sano, E., Almeida Rodrigues, A., Martins, E., Bettiol, G., Bustamante, M., Bezerra, A., Vasconcelos, V., Schüler, J., Bolfe, E., & Couto Junior, A. (2019). Cerrado ecoregions: A spatial framework to assess and prioritize Brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 818–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.108
SEAM. (2015). Inventario de Humedales del Paraguay. In A. Cabral, N. Alonso, & B. E. (Eds.), OEA Contrato N.º 366793. Asunción, Paraguay.
Semlitsch, R. D. (1998). Biological delineation of terrestrial buffer zones for pond-breeding salamanders. Conservation Biology, 12(5), 1113–1119. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97274.x
Semlitsch, R. D., & Bodie, J. R. (2003). Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles. Conservation Biology, 17(5), 1219–1228. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02177.x
Silva, F. R., & Rossa-Feres, D. C. (2007). Uso de fragmentos florestais por anuros (Amphibia) de área aberta na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Biota Neotropica, 7, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000200016
Smith, P., Atkinson, K., Brouard, J. P., & Pheasey, H. (2016). Reserva Natural Laguna Blanca, Departamento San Pedro: Paraguay’s first Important Area for the Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles? Russian Journal of Herpetology, 23(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2016-23-1-25-34
Smith, P., Brouard, J. P., & Cacciali, P. (2022). A new species of Phalotris (Serpentes, Colubridae, Elapomorphini) from Paraguay. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 98(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.61064
Smith, P., Cacciali, P., Atkinson, P., Pheasey, H., & Motte, M. (2012). New distributional records of amphibians for Departamento San Pedro, Paraguay (Amphibia). Check List, 8(5), 903–907. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.5.903
Strassburg, B. B. N., Brooks, T., Feltran-Barbieri, R., Iribarrem, A., Crouzeilles, R., Loyola, R., Latawiec, A. E., Oliveira Filho, F. J. B., Scaramuzza, C. A. M., Scarano, F. R., Soares-Filho, B., & Balmford, A. (2017). Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(4), 99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0099
Tockner, K., & Ward, J. V. (2001). Biodiversity along riparian corridors. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 27(7), 3981–3989. https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901742
Ulrich, W., Ollik, M. & Ugland, K.I. (2010). A meta-analysis of species–abundance distributions. Oikos, 119, 1149–1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18236.x
Villacampa, J., Whitworth, A., Allen, L., & Malo, J. E. (2019). Altitudinal differences in alpha, beta and functional diversity of an amphibian community in a biodiversity hotspot. Neotropical Biodiversity, 5(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2019.1659022
Vitt, L. J., & Colli, G. R. (1994). Geographical ecology of a Neotropical lizard: Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) in Brazil. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 1986–2008. https://doi.org/10.1139/z94-271
Walsh, G., Pease, A. A., Woodford, D. J., Stiassny, M. L. J., Gaugris, J. Y., & South, J. (2022). Functional diversity of Afrotropical fish communities across river gradients in the Republic of Congo, west central Africa. Frontiers in Environmental Sciences, 10, 981960. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.981960
Wang, E., Donatti, C. I., Ferreira, V. L., Raizer, J., & Himmelstein, J. (2011). Food habits and notes on the biology of Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) (Testudinidae, Chelonia) in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology, 6(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.2994/057.006.0102
Weiler, A., Núñez, K., Airaldi, K., Lavilla, E., Peris, S. & Baldo, D. (2013): Anfibios del Paraguay. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Asunción – Universidad de Salamanca. San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
Whittaker, R. H. (1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21, 213-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218190
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
Zaracho, V. H., Lavilla, E. O., Carvalho, T. R., Motte, M., & Basso, G. (2023). Redescription of Adenomera diptyx (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Leptodactylidae) and description of a closely related new species. European Journal of Taxonomy, 888(1), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2205
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
